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There is an urgent need to improve the efficiency of STP so as to conserve such ancient water supply monument. Therby only we can made harmony with the aquatic ecosystem. Topographically it is located in the valley region between the Chauka Hills on the north and Satara Hills on the south. The total area of the city is about sq. km Containing about 9 lacks population as per the census. The Salim Ali Lake is consisting of rich flora and fauna. The soil along the lake is muddy and rich in algal biomass and microorganisms.
This lake is ecologically important as it provide a suitable habitat for birds. Its shape is rectangular and having an area about 54 acres when it was not surrounded by residential area. Aurangabad corporation was constructed a 5MLD Sewage Treatment Plant in and was started from April The domestic effluent generated from the city area accounts for CMD while that from the councils is CMD. Untreated or partially treated domestic effluent has been identified as great concern from river water quality point of view.
MATERIAL AND METHODS The analysis of outlet of STP and lake water was carried out monthly for the duration from April to December The parameters were analyzed by standard methods [4][5][6] 3. RESULTS Table no. Parameters April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1.
Temp Turbidity TS TDS TSS EC Sr. N o ph DO BOD COD Alkalinity Total Hardness Both the values are above the prescribed limit. Turbidity in water may be organic or inorganic origin. Maximum turbidity value was reported during rainy season due to inflow of rain water from surrounding area as well as sewage of city.
All values and above the prescribed limit. The high value indicating that water is loaded with waste water and domestic sewage from several houses showed maximum levels of conductance in the water the presence of larger amount of salts in the sewage water [7]. The dissolved oxygen value was very much less as compared to the prescribed standards [8].
Low content of DO is sign of organic pollution, is also due to inorganic reductants like ammonia, nitrates, and other such oxidisable substances. Both are above the prescribed standards. Outlets of sewage water containing low DO as compared to standard which is harmful for the aquatic life and is containing more Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity and Total Alkalinity.
There should be some strategic action plans include identification of projects for improvement of the current situation. Even the policies regarding such issues should be reformed. The implementation of effective ecotechnologies such as, Bioremediation Technology, Root zone Technology, Green Bridge Technology, Green Lake Technology, and Stream Eco-System SES Technology to restore the quality of Salim Ali Lake.
There should be the development of models for management of Salim Ali Lake water for sustainable utilization. Thesis, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad. Pp In the proceeding of the 12 th World Lake Conference 3] Vision , : Technical Report, Aurangabad district Environmental management, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Aurangabad Regional Office 4] APHA : Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition. american Public Health Association, Washington DC.
et al : Methodology for water analysis. Indian Association of Aquatic Biologist IAAB Publication, Jambagh, Hydrabad 6] Deshpande S. and Aher K. and Mule M. and Gaikwad A.
The Bioscan, International Journal of Life Sciences. はじめに牛久沼は茨城県南部に位置する湖面積 3. 調査方法 2. Also, a relatively high degree of adaptation of fish to changing conditions of their life is known, but it is far from boundless.
In this work we investigated the morphometric, parasitological and biochemical features of the Perccottus glenii population of some urban lakes in the city of Kazan. The results of the assessment of the state of the aquatic ecosystems of urban lakes using ichthyoindication methods are presented.
It was noted that in the Lake Dryanichnoye Perccottus glenii is characterized by the most deviating from the norm values of the liver mass index, biochemical blood indices and parameters of helminth infection.
Fishes react sensitively to changes in environmental conditions, in particular the chemical composition of water, suspended matter and bottom sediments.
One of the most interesting examples of biological invasions is the dispersal of Amur sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, There is a relatively high degree of adaptation of this fish to changing conditions of their life, but it is far from boundless. The aim of this work is to study the morphological, parasitological and biochemical parameters of the Amur sleeper population in urban lakes in Kazan. The collection of the ichthyological material was performed using a grid with a cell size of 1 mm.
For morphometric analysis, we measured the mass, length, and height of the body. The content of helminths in fish tissues was determined in the laboratory conditions. Species identification of the parasites was carried out using stereoscopic microscopes MBS and Biolar equipped with a Levenhuk C-Series 5M pixel micro-photon array.
As the main characteristics of infection of fish with helminths the parasitological parameters of the extent of invasion the percentage of infection of the host by one species of parasites , the intensity of infestation the minimum and maximum number of parasites of one species in the host species , the abundance index the average number of parasites of one species in the host species.
Samples of blood were collected directly when fish catching. Hematological and biochemical blood tests are performed using a biochemical analyzer Daytona Randox.
During the biochemical analysis of serum samples, the content of glucose, lactic acid, total protein and hemoglobin. Statistical processing of the material was carried out by standard methods using the Student-coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
RESULTS According to the morphometric parameters mass and body length , the Amur sleeper population from all lakes is not statistically significant.
The values of the fish liver mass index from the Lake Dryanichnoye are statistically significantly different and more than 2 times higher than in other lakes. The complex of intestinal helminths in the Amur sleeper. In all the lakes studied, monoinvasion of fish was detected by a specific cestode Nippotaenia mogurndae Yamaguti et Miyata, The highest values of infection rates of rotan N. Statistically significant differences in the extent of invasion of rotan N. mogurndae were noted for lakes with the maximum and minimum contamination of cestode fish – Lake Dryanichnoe and Glubokoe, The values of the hematological and biochemical parameters of the Amur sleeper blood in all lakes are within the norm, except the Lake Dryanichnoye.
This population is characterized by the smallest concentration of erythrocytes and a low content of hemoglobin and glucose in the blood. On the contrary, there are increased values of leukocyte concentration and a high content of lactic acid in the blood. High values of fish contamination indicators by N. mogurndae indicate active feeding of Amur sleeper by the intermediate host of cestoda – a representative of copepods Mesocyclops leukarti Claus, , which has become widespread in many reservoirs of Russia and adjacent territories.
Deviations of biochemical and hematological parameters in the fish from Dryanichnoe lake from the populations of other lakes is an indicator of poor water quality in this reservoir. In this regard, we can assume that there are unfavorable environmental conditions in this lake due to unsatisfactory water quality.
Popov: Estimation of environmental state of waters by methods of ihtioindication, p. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya: Fish parasites, p. Therefore, they seem to be a factor that stabilize functioning of midforest lakes. Some papers point out that forested catchment can provide to the freshwater ecosystems significant amounts of organic matter humic acids and trigger lakes humification.
We estimated if wind dispersed pine pollen may change water quality and accelerate the increase of fertility of several lakes located in forested areas.
We found that pine pollen is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Average phosphorus content was about 20 g P kg and nitrogen about 22 g N kg of dry mass of pollen. Based on the field experiment we estimated that during the pollen season May June average pollen deposition is about 12 g d. per square meter of the lake. It gives every year provision more than 20 kg of P and over 25 kg of N per one hectare of the lake. According to the laboratory experiment, we provided that pollen fell on the water very quickly release nutrients, and also become a culture for bacteria and fungi.
In all investigated lakes we found the increase of concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the littoral zone during pollen season. Certainly these loads of nutrients may stimulate the development of primary producers and FPOM consumers, however this requires further research.
Despite the fact that the most significant loads of nutrients are transported to surface waters from agricultural catchments Alexakis et al , allochthonous inputs may significantly subsidize midforest lakes Park et al.
Surface runoff both from deciduous and coniferous forests supply lakes in significant amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and thus trigger their eutrophication Klimaszyk et al Forested catchments can be responsible for the humification of lakes resulting from high quantities of organic matter humic compounds , transported particularly from the coniferous sites Steinberg ; Klimaszyk and Rzymski Wind derived forest particles deposited on the lake s surface seems to be less important in lake matter and energy budget, however, we hypothesized that nutrient-rich pollen deposition might accelerate eutrophication of midforest lakes.
MATERIAL AND METHODS The investigation was carried out in Six midforest lakes located in the Drawa National Park North-West Poland were taken under consideration. The lakes were differentiated according to the morphology from the small – less than 1 ha to the over 70 ha and trophic state from humic to mesotrophic.
Several Tauber s traps were installed on the lakes shore during May and June to estimate deposition of pine pollen. Traps were checked every two weeks. Filters were inspected with a After that, they were combusted and measured as ash-free dry weight. To determine the impact of pine pollen deposition on lakes chemistry and biocoenoses, samples of water for chemical analyses and samples of phytoplankton were taken.
Samples were taken before early May in the middle and after pollen season. Electrical conductivity and ph of water were measured in the field using a YSI Multiparameter Instrument. The following parameters were analysed in the laboratory: ammonium N-NH 4, using the Nessler method , nitrite NO 2-, using the sulphonic acid method , nitrate N-NO 3-, using the sodium salicylate method , Norg using the Kjeldahl method , TP using the molybdate method after mineralization and orthophosphate TRP, using the molybdate method APHA Chlorophyll-a was determined after extraction in the ethanol.
Samples for the phytoplankton analyses of the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton were fixed with Lugol’s solution.
Analyses were done using a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber with a light microscope Olympus CX 21 LED x magnification.
Pollen was collected from ripe anthers that were harvested from lower canopies of pine trees overgrowing lakes catchments. This procedure was also used to collect pine pollen from trees growing near a high trafficked road. Elemental analysis was performed using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer Agilent ICP-OES Agilent, USA. A total of 67 chemical elements were analyzed.
To estimate the nutrients flushing rate from the pollen the experiment was designed. To each conical flask, 1 g of pollen was placed and flooded with a ml of ultrapure water of known parameters.
To imitate lake conditions, the flasks were placed in a thermostat 18 o C and gently shaken. Samples were taken after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 day of incubation. In obtained water the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, ph, and electrical conductivity were measured according to above-described methods.
We also found that chemical composition of pine pollen depends on environment quality and pollution. Pollen collected near the road contained twice more heavy metals than those from National Park, less polluted area.
It means that pollen deposition provide more than 20 kg of P and over 25 kg of N per one hectare of the lake every year. In all investigated lakes we found the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in littoral water.
In most of them, the difference of N and P concentration on the beginning and end of pollen period was statistically significant. It confirms earlier observation of Cole et al. However, phytoplankton analyses showed that in the most lakes the abundance of phytoplankton decreased during our studies. Total abundance of phytoplankton was the highest before pollen period early May , and the lowest after pollen period June.
Nevertheless, Chrysophyceae and Chlorophyceae dominated through the whole time. Decreasing phytoplankton abundance may have been caused by the presence of numerous zooplankton, which is often found at the turn of May and June Lampert et al Our laboratory experiment confirmed observations made by Lee and Both , who stated rapid decomposition of pollen in water and release of nutrients.
We found that maximum release of N and P takes place 3 days after pollen flooding. Environ Earth Sci Cole JJ, Caraco NF, Likens GE Short range atmospheric transport. A significant source of phosphorus to oligotrophic lake. Limnol Oceanogr Graham MD, Vinebrook RD, Coupling of boreal forest and lakes: Effect of conifer pollen on littoral communities. Limnol Oceanog Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P Catchment vegetation can trigger lake dystrophy through changes in runoff water quality.
Ann Limnol Int J Limnol Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P Contribution of surface runoff from forested areas to the chemistry of a through-flow lake. Environ Earth Sci Lampert W, Fleckner W, Rai H, Taylor BE Phytoplankton control by grazing zooplankton: A study on the spring clearwater phase.
Can J Bot Park S-R, Lee H-J, Lee S-W, Hwang S-J, Byeon M-S, Joo G-J, Jeong K-S, Kong D-S, Kim M-C Relationships between land use and multi-dimensional characteristics of streams and rivers at two different scales. Ann Limnol – Int J Limnol Steinberg CEW Ecology of Humic Substances in Freshwaters, Springer, Berlin. However, excessive N inputs could cause adverse ecological effects. In present study, the Taihu basin was taken to explore the characteristics of N deposition and its contribution to water eutrophication.
Results show that the annual average of total deposition TN and total wet deposition TNW rate were and kg km -2, respectively. The main N pollutants come from domestic sewage account for TN deposition contributed to the lake was t N a -1 and accounted for Excessive N inputs could cause soil acidification, plant biodiversity reduction, and eutrophication in the ecosystems.
Many previous studies showed that the concentration of N deposition to water N loads has been increased [2, 3, 4]. Western Europe, China, and India are the three regions with the highest N deposition in the world in recent years. The primary object of this study is to characterize atmospheric N deposition and calculate the N loads from the inflowing rivers.
METHOD 2. Study area. The lake water was oligotrophic in the s. However, the water environment system has been destroyed quickly in the mids due to the rapid industrial, agricultural development and excessive population growth.
Many policies and foundation item were initiated, for example, Zero-point Action and Standard Discharge, to improve the Lake Taihu water quality. However, The Lake Taihu water quality has not improved remarkably. RESULTS 3. Spatio-temporal variation of nitrogen deposition The main N deposition is dry deposition and accounts for TN and TN D deposition rate have an apparent seasonal variation features.
The high N deposition rate would promote the bloom of cyanobacteria and aggravate the water eutrophication. TN D deposition rate has increased rapidly in spring while decreased in summer. Because amount of fertilizer and pesticide spraying may enhance the N deposition in spring Comparisons of atmospheric nitrogen deposition rate listed with other domestic areas The mean annual TIN w deposition rate in the Taihu watershed, North China plain, Pearl River Delta and Western China were , , , kg km -2, respectively.
The N deposition values of Taihu watershed were higher than others area obviously. However, the TN Because the rainfall in norther China was less than in south. This phenomenon indicate that the precipitation can clean N nutrients and the light rain clean better than heavy rain. The significant correlation between the meteorological conditions and TN deposition load indicate that high load N deposition would aggravate the water eutrophication.
Galloway, F. Dentener, D. Capone et al: Nitrogen cycle: past, present and future, Biogeochemistry. Zhao, L. Zhang, Y. Chen et al: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to China: A model analysis on nitrogen budget and critical load exceedance, Atmospheric Environment, vol. Xie, Z. Xiong, G. Xing, X. Yan and S. Shi: Source of nitrogen in wet deposition to a rice agroecosystem at Tai lake region, Atmospheric Environment, vol.
The N deposition of simulated data in the Taihu watershed was investigated. Based on the EQ. Compared to the previous studies from to , the contribution of N deposition to the Lake Taihu has an increasing trend. Obviously, the TN deposition load already exceeds the eutrophication critical load in theory. This phenomenon may potentially accelerate the eutrophication process of the Lake Taihu. Russell, J. Galloway, S. Macko, J. Moody and J. Scudlark: Sources of nitrogen in wet deposition to the Chesapeake-bay region, Atmospheric Environment, vol.
O 1 and Ampofo. A 1 1 CSIR, Water Research Institute, Ghana Keywords: Lake Bosomtwe, Water Quality, Seasonal Changes, Ecosystem, Water pollution ABSTRACT Water has vital role in all aspects of life with its significance visible in its sustenance to the environment, local economies, food security, ecosystem productivity, and health.
The importance of freshwater throughout human history has been seen in its interrelationship with man. The importance of Lake Bosomtwe has been considered in relation to its quality and the services this resource provides, considering the inability of humans to survive without it. The study involved twenty-six 26 riparian communities surrounding the largest Crater Lake in Africa, the Lake Bosomtwe.
Water sources such as lake, streams and boreholes used as drinking water sources were collected quarterly for a period of two years. These were analysed bacteriologically for the determination of total and faecal coliform, E. coli, Aeromonas sp. Enterococcus sp. Salmonella sp, Pseudomonas sp and total heterotrophic bacteria THB using Membrane filtration and pour plate. The results showed variation of bacteria counts in all the water sources.
The highest E. coli counts of 2. The difference between the total coliform, faecal coliform and E. Drinking these waters without any form of treatments could pose health risk to consumers because of the presence of bacteria from water pollution. These water sources can however be used for domestic purposes. The quality of the water sources greatly impacts on the health status of the consumers.
Untreated surface and underground water are still commonly used for domestic purposes in many areas in developing countries [1]. This has a true reflection in areas such as communities surrounding the rim of lake Bosomtwe in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. This is a meteoritic impacted lake which is filled by rain and surface runoffs but has no outlet. This study aims to determine the sustainable utilization of lake Bosomtwe in relation to the bacteriological quality of the water sources lake, stream and boreholes used by communities surrounding the rim of the lake as well as establishing the effect of seasonal climate changes on the quality of the water sources.
METHOD This research was carried out within lake Bosomtwe and surrounding communities in the Ashanti Region of Ghana Fig. A total of water samples were collected from three water sources lake, streams and boreholes. Generally, the bacteria counts recorded in the borehole source were higher during the dry season than the wet season and vice versa for the lake and streams.
Salmonella sp, Pseudomonas sp and total heterotrophic bacteria THB. All analyses were carried out aseptically using membrane filtration and pour plate techniques. Results were expressed in colony forming unit cfu per ml and 1ml of analysed sample.
The standard procedures for bacteriological analysis of water [3] were followed. RESULTS All the water sources were contaminated with bacteria in varying colony counts. coli Aeromonas sp 4. coli in water gives an indication of faecal contamination by warm-blooded animals. Their occurrence may indicate the presence of other pathogens responsible for infectious diseases such as cholera, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and typhoid fever after ingestion of contaminated water.
The high bacteria counts in the lake during the wet season could be attributed to its large surface and its function as a sink, collecting pollutants and therefore exposing it to contamination through runoffs, anthropogenic activities such as swimming, washing of clothes, fishing net and cooking utensils.
Also, concentration of piggeries, free range chickens and dogs close to the lake may also account for the high bacteria count in the lake. Run offs from uphill into the streams could account for the high bacteria counts during the wet season.
The E. coli count recorded in the lake. Bacterial counts recorded do not conform to WHO guidelines and Ghana Standards recommended for drinking purposes. This implies that consumers of these water sources are at risk since the presence of these bacteria could pose health threats such as cholera, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and typhoid fever after ingestion of these contaminated water. Geneva, Switzerland. and Addico, G.
International Journal of Development and Sustainability. Washington: American Public Health Association; , pp. Analytical Sciences, 33, [2] Kato T, Sugahara S, Kajitani T, Senga Y, Egawa M, Kamiya H, and Seike Y Determination of Trace Hydrazine in Environmental Water Samples by in situ Solid Phase Extraction. Analytical Sciences, 33, [3],,, Suhaemi Syawal 1 1 Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Keywords: nutrient, trophic state, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, floodplain lake ABSTRACT Lake Tempe is a floodplain lake that located in South Sulawesi province, Indonesia.
Since many years ago, Lake Tempe have been providing great benefit for local people in daily activity and economically. This lake is as great fishery resources, and as nutrient deposition especially in dry season. However, in recent years, some problems occurred in this lake, such as environmental degradation and decreasing fishery production.
High sedimentation rate and aquatic plants blooming have degraded environment lake. The local government plan to revitalize this lake by dredging some area of Lake Tempe. However as floodplain lake, there are some zones that have ecological function for fishery as breeding zone and feeding zone. Base on this background, the aim of study is to reveal nutrient dynamic in permanent and nonpermanent zone of the lake.
That information will be used to determine the important zone for fishery or agriculture related to the nutrient rich or trophic level of this lake. The results indicated that concentration of dissolved total nitrogen diss-tn in nonpermanent inundation zone zone 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 increased significantly when water level increased July The decomposed aquatic plants and residue fertilizer are supposed contribute to increase concentration diss-tn in nonpermanent inundated zone.
The floodplain inundation is very dynamics related to rainy season and dry season. There are permanent zone and nonpermanent zone temporary zone In rainy season the temporary inundation zone is very wide, but in dry season the inundation zone is getting smaller then remain permanent zone.
When water level increase, the grass and aquatic plants will be sunken, died and decayed. After flood, dissolved inorganic nitrogen DIN increased [4]. Finally, this process release nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, etc.
These nutrients will be used for phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic plants, invertebrate organism and small fishes. After flooded, nutrient deposition in nonpermanent inundation zone temporary zone. This area lentic is important site in floodplain lake as ecological function to support sustainability of fishery. High sedimentation rate and blooming aquatic plant blooming have degraded the lake environment.
The government plan to revitalize this lake by dredging some area of Lake Tempe. Base on this background, the aim of the study is to reveal the pattern of nutrient distribution in permanent and nonpermanent zone and to reveal trophic state of Lake Tempe.
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Weidermann Brackets View. Feed Wastage Savings Calculator. How Much a Hustler will Save You? Most of the savings are achieved by a reduction in the amount of bale which is wasted. Feed wastage can be caused by various factors: The bale is not teased apart enough making it harder for stock to eat. Animals laying or trampling on fodder.
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The hydraulically driven low speed rotors tease out bales in less than two minutes. Proven farmer-friendly bale self-loading system allows one operator to easily load and feed from the comfort of the tractor. The bale feeder lays down a fluffedup windrow which stock can easily eat, reducing wasted feed being trampled into the ground.
Feed out round or square bales of any size or type http://replace.me/15391.txt bale – balage, hay, straw, corn fodder, alfalfa, lucerne, you name it. Hustler works in most stocking environments – indoors, outdoors into bunks, troughs or other feedlot systems or open fields.
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Visit our website to calculate how much feed waste is costing you. Typical amount of feed wasted. Feed wastage is affected by a range of factors, including application, type, shape, and condition of bales. For feed saving advice specific to your application, talk to your local Hustler Feed Expert.
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Chassis members are larger to enable handling heavier bales. Allows the machine to be connected to the front loader or 3 point linkage in dlwnload without any tools. Includes hose extension.
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